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Hydrobiology
Number of Followers: 41  Open Access journalISSN (Online) 2673-9917 Published by MDPI  [258 journals]
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- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 134-148: A New Species of Hydrozoan Jellyfish
Eutima onahamaensis and New Record of Eutima diademata (Hydrozoa,
Leptothecata) from Japan
Authors: Sho Toshino, Rintaro Ishii, Seiichi Mizutani
First page: 134
Abstract: The family Eirenidae is one of the major taxa of the order Leptothecata, comprising approximately 80 species from ten genera. In this study, taxonomic investigations, including morphological observations and molecular 16S phylogenetic analyses, were conducted on unknown Eirenidae specimens collected off the coast of Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture, eastern Japan, in June 2022. The specimens had the following morphological characteristics: marginal warts and tentacular bulbs with lateral cirri and without adaxial papillae, a mouth with simple lips, four simple radial canals, and eight statocysts common to the genus Eutima. However, this species can be distinguished from other species of Eutima by the number of tentacles, number and shape of marginal warts, position of the gonads, and gastric peduncle length. Moreover, the monophyly of the species was evident in the 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree (as indicated by the high bootstrap value of 100%), thereby supporting the validity of the new species. Based on these results, we describe it as a new species, Eutima onahamaensis, for taxonomic stabilization. We also made detailed observations of the morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of one of the species newly recorded in Japan: Eutima diademata. A comparative table of the primary diagnostic characteristics of Eutima has been provided. This study provided taxonomic keys for identifying species in the genus Eutima.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-07-02
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3030010
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 149-158: Acute Toxicity of Malathion,
Permethrin, and Roundup on the Tropical Freshwater Shrimp Xiphocaris
elongata (Guérin-Méneville, 1855)
Authors: Wesley X. Torres-Pérez, Omar Pérez-Reyes
First page: 149
Abstract: Urban and agricultural runoffs can transport contaminants and pesticides into freshwater ecosystems, particularly in the developing tropics. For instance, organophosphate and pyrethroids pesticides, such as Roundup, Malathion, and Permethrin, have been found in tropical streams. The uncontrolled application of these pesticides has become a growing concern due to their adverse effects on various non-targeted organisms. Unfortunately, most studies have focused on a few selected model species, ignoring the effects on other non-target organisms, which may play an important role in tropical lotic ecosystems. In addition, the biological characteristics of aquatic crustaceans, including their morphology, physiology, and behavior, make them susceptible to toxic chemicals. For this reason, this study used the widely distributed freshwater shrimp Xiphocaris elongata as a model organism to determine the acute toxicity of Permethrin, Malathion, and Roundup. Our results show that the proportion of mortality of X. elongata in each concentration group became progressively higher as the concentration of exposure increased. We also found that the synthetic pyrethroid Permethrin was the most toxic pesticide tested, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) value for 96 h of 3.96 × 10−6 µg·L−1, followed by organophosphate Malathion (8.87 µg·L−1) and Roundup (748.92 µg·L−1). Experiments with this freshwater shrimp showed a good control performance and reproducibility for the tested pesticides. This study demonstrated that X. elongata is a suitable test organism that can be a representative bioindicator of pesticide toxicity in tropical streams.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-07-05
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3030011
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 159-182: Hydrodynamic Effects of Mastigonemes
in the Cryptophyte Chilomonas paramecium
Authors: Ludivine Sanchez Arias, Branden Webb, Kiarash Samsami, Linda Nikolova, Malan Silva, Henry C. Fu
First page: 159
Abstract: Many swimming protists travel by actuating whip-like flagella to generate thrust. While many organisms’ flagella have been observed to have hair-like protrusions called mastigonemes, the function of these mastigonemes is not known. In particular, however, although theory, numerics, and some experiments suggest that mastigonemes can initiate the reversal in direction of thrust generated relative to the direction of traveling waves propagated along flagella, other experiments have found that they do not have hydrodynamic effects. Thus, it remains unclear whether mastigonemes have a hydrodynamic effect and function; additionally, any hydrodynamic effects may be species-dependent, which calls for the investigation of additional species. In this work, we report experimental observations of the cryptophyte C. paramecium that obtain their cell body, flagellar, and mastigoneme geometries, as well as their swimming kinematics and behavior. We then use the observed geometries and kinematics to numerically simulate swimming trajectories for a particularly well-characterized reorientation event, with and without various configurations of the mastigonemes. The comparison of numerical and experimental results shows that a configuration of mastigonemes in the beating plane best reproduces the observed reorientation dynamics, suggesting that in C. paramecium, although mastigonemes do not lead to gross changes in motility, such as thrust reversal, they do exert important quantitative effects.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-07-17
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3030012
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 183-208: Life-History Traits of the
Bluespotted Cornetfish Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1838 in
Rhodes, Greece, with Notes on the Red Cornetfish Fistularia petimba
Lacepède, 1803
Authors: Gerasimos Kondylatos, Alexandros Theocharis, Magdalini Charokopou, Emmanouil Perakis, Dimitrios Mavrouleas, Konstantinos Kalaentzis, Dimitris Pafras, Dimitris Klaoudatos
First page: 183
Abstract: In the Mediterranean, the bluespotted cornetfish Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1838, presents a minor socioeconomic impact and the assessment of any environmental impact requires more relevant data. The congeneric red cornetfish Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803, has expanded its distribution range within the basin but only small numbers have been reported to date. A total of 207 individuals of F. commersonii were collected between April 2021 and March 2022 from the Levantine coast of Rhodes and 92 more from various locations. Additionally, 13 individuals of Fistularia petimba were caught in March 2024 from the Aegean coasts of the island. We aim to assess the current progression of the population of the two cornetfish, the possible further exploitation of F. commersonii to boost the local fishing economy, their possible dietary overlaps and to add valuable biological and ecological data. In F. commersonii, male to female ratio (1:1.33) significantly departed from 1:1, with length–weight relationships exhibiting positive allometric growth. Six age groups were identified. The highest reproductive intensity was observed during summer. The onset of sexual maturity was estimated at 65.52 cm in total length (1.8 years). Longevity was estimated at 11.1 years with females growing larger than males. The exploitation rate (E = 0.47) indicated that the population is underexploited. The optimum and target fishing mortality were higher in comparison with the present fishing mortality (F = 0.48), indicating a potential for commercial exploitation of the species. For F. petimba, the sex ratio was 1:2.25. The species preys on crustaceans, followed by fish and molluscs. The finding of Vanderhorstia mertensi (Klausewitz, 1974) in the stomach content of both cornetfishes constitutes the second published record for Hellenic waters and the first for the Dodecanese Islands.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-08-01
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3030013
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 209-223: Assessing Methods to Monitor Aquatic
Invertebrates in a Large River: Comparing Rock Baskets and Hess Samplers
in the Snake River, Wyoming, USA
Authors: Lusha M. Tronstad, Bryan P. Tronstad
First page: 209
Abstract: Large rivers are difficult to sample due to their size yet critical to monitor because humans heavily rely upon and alter them. Aquatic invertebrates are commonly used to assess the ecosystem quality of streams, but methods to sample large rivers are underdeveloped. We sampled aquatic invertebrates using a Hess sampler and rock baskets in the Snake River near Jackson, Wyoming, USA. Hess samples collected more aquatic invertebrate taxa and a higher proportion of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and burrowing taxa. Rock baskets collected a higher proportion of Trichoptera, filterers, and clinging taxa. Bioassessment metrics differed between sampling methods; richness, diversity, evenness, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT), and Hilsenhoff’s biotic index produced higher values in Hess samples, and percent EPT was higher in rock baskets. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity indicated that the samplers collected different assemblages (p < 0.001). The standard error of total invertebrate density was smaller and most taxa were collected with seven replicate samples. Understanding how sampling methods alter the aquatic invertebrates collected will help managers develop monitoring protocols that are best suited to the river and collect the most unbiased invertebrate assemblages.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-08-05
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3030014
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 63-73: Effects of Species of Leaves and
Conditioning Time on Vernal Colonization by Temperate Lotic Isopods
(Lirceus sp.)
Authors: Renee E. Heller, Alison N. Stouffer, Erika V. Iyengar
First page: 63
Abstract: While some streams have dense populations of aquatic detritivorous isopods, research on the colonization of leaf packs typically focuses on aquatic insects. To determine whether shifts in dominant local forest species might impact isopod populations, we placed leaf packs of red/sugar maple, American beech, and red oak on the substratum of riffles and pools in Cedar Creek (Allentown, PA, USA) in April 2019. We retrieved the packs after one week, re-deployed them, and re-collected them after two weeks of submersion, enumerating the number of isopods (Lirceus sp.) upon each retrieval. Surprisingly, neither the species of leaf nor the stream microhabitat significantly affected the number of isopods. However, the duration of leaf conditioning was important; significantly more isopods inhabited leaves after two weeks of submersion than after only one week. Maple and oak leaves displayed significantly more skeletonization after two weeks than the beech leaves, which remained intact. However, the similar numbers of isopods across leaf species suggest either the presence of acceptable, consumable microbial communities on all three species of leaves or that a tradeoff exists between the value of food and the importance of refuge provided by intact leaves.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-04-19
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3020005
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 74-84: Hefting Heavy Shells: Sustenance
Demands Caused by Various Abodes of the Hermit Crab Pagurus granosimanus
Authors: Brooke Z. Torjman, Erika V. Iyengar
First page: 74
Abstract: Marine hermit crabs inhabiting different species of shells in the rocky intertidal may receive varied benefits and costs. Thick shell walls, sculpture, and certain silhouettes may increase protection against crushing predators and waves, but also the energy cost for bearing such a shell. To determine the relative energy demands on Pagurus granosimanus supporting one of three different species of shells commonly inhabited in nature, we measured the consumption of food by free-roaming, size-matched individuals after four days of food deprivation in the laboratory. Surprisingly, while all hermit crabs consumed a significant amount of food, that amount did not differ significantly across the types of shells inhabited, despite the significantly heavier weight of one type of shell (>150% of each of the other two species), and markedly different shell silhouettes. Whether our results were due to the inherent abilities of arthropods to support proportionally immense weights (physiology), reduced movements by animals in heavier shells (plastic behavior), or the way the hermit crabs bear the burden of the shell requires further investigation. Regardless, our results suggest that individuals of P. granosimanus that inhabit heavier shells that likely provide increased protection do not experience corresponding elevated food consumption requirements over the short term, even if those shells are not centered over the body mass of the hermit crab. Pagurus granosimanus crabs can bear the burden.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-04-23
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3020006
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 85-99: Effects of Leaf Species and
Conditioning State of Fresh Leaves on Colonization by Stream and Pond
Macroinvertebrates
Authors: Austin R. Hoffman, Erika V. Iyengar
First page: 85
Abstract: Fresh, green leaves are increasing as resources in aquatic ecosystems due to more frequent severe spring and summer storms, but research on allochthonous resources typically uses senescent leaves. We examined macroinvertebrate colonization of green leaves of three native deciduous trees (red maple, red oak, and tulip poplar) over two weeks within both a stream and fishless pond. Leaf colonization varied depending on the taxa of leaves and colonizers, submersion time, and the ecosystem examined. Within the stream, the densities of isopods (Lirceus sp.) and snails (mostly the invasive Potamopyrgus antipodarum) did not vary significantly across leaf species. In contrast, mayflies (Tricorythodes sp.) in the stream colonized tulip poplar in greater numbers than red oak leaves, while higher densities of planarians (order Tricladida) occurred within red oak leaves. The numbers of mayflies and snails decreased significantly by the second week, but the densities of isopods and planaria within stream leaf packs were consistent. In contrast, within the pond, significantly more isopods (Caecidotea communis) were collected after the first than after the second week of submersion and in tulip poplar leaves. Clams (Sphaeriidae) in the pond, on the other hand, were more prevalent in the second week but did not discriminate among leaf species. While the number of leeches (mostly Helobdella stagnalis) was consistent across weeks, significantly fewer leeches resided within tulip poplar leaves than within red oak leaves. Our results suggest that there are no consistent colonization-preference rankings of species of fresh leaves across freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate taxa. Even within a functional feeding group (e.g., the two types of isopods and snails, all detritivore-herbivores), there were differences in colonization patterns. Therefore, increased allochthonous inputs of fresh leaf litter due to severe spring- and summer-time storms are likely to promote the populations of various taxa to different extents.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-05-03
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3020007
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 100-118: Toward a Brighter Future: Enhanced
Sustainable Methods for Preventing Algal Blooms and Improving Water
Quality
Authors: Su-Ok Hwang, In-Hwan Cho, Ha-Kyung Kim, Eun-A Hwang, Byung-Hun Han, Baik-Ho Kim
First page: 100
Abstract: This comprehensive review explores the escalating challenge of nutrient enrichment in aquatic ecosystems, spotlighting the dire ecological threats posed by harmful algal blooms (HABs) and excessive particulate organic matter (POM). Investigating recent advancements in water treatment technologies and management strategies, the study emphasizes the critical need for a multifaceted approach that incorporates physical, chemical, and biological methods to effectively address these issues. By conducting detailed comparative analyses across diverse aquatic environments, it highlights the complexities of mitigating HABs and underscores the importance of environment-specific strategies. The paper advocates for sustainable, innovative solutions and international cooperation to enhance global water quality and ecosystem health. It calls for ongoing advancement, regular monitoring, and comprehensive research to adapt to emerging challenges, thus ensuring the preservation of aquatic biodiversity and the protection of communities reliant on these vital resources. The necessity of integrating technological innovation, ecological understanding, and global cooperation to safeguard aquatic ecosystems for future generations is paramount.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-05-29
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3020008
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 119-133: Individual Identification of Medaka,
a Small Freshwater Fish, from the Dorsal Side Using Artificial
Intelligence
Authors: Mai Osada, Masaki Yasugi, Hirotsugu Yamamoto, Atsushi Ito, Shoji Fukamachi
First page: 119
Abstract: Individual identification is an important ability for humans and perhaps also for non-human animals to lead social lives. It is also desirable for laboratory experiments to keep records of each animal while rearing them in mass. However, the specific body parts or the acceptable visual angles that enable individual identification are mostly unknown for non-human animals. In this study, we investigated whether artificial intelligence (AI) could distinguish individual medaka, a model animal for biological, agrarian, ecological, and ethological studies, based on the dorsal view. Using Teachable Machine, we took photographs of adult fish (n = 4) and used the images for machine learning. To our surprise, the AI could perfectly identify the four individuals in a total of 11 independent experiments, and the identification was valid for up to 10 days. The AI could also distinguish eight individuals, although machine learning required more time and effort. These results clearly demonstrate that the dorsal appearances of this small spot-/stripe-less fish are polymorphic enough for individual identification. Whether these clues can be applied to laboratory experiments where individual identification would be beneficial is an intriguing theme for future research.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-06-13
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3020009
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 11-30: Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms: Going
beyond the “Green” to Monitor and Predict HCBs
Authors: Daniela R. de Figueiredo
First page: 11
Abstract: Under the Climate Change scenario, the occurrence of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (HCBs) is an increasingly concerning problem. Particularly for inland freshwaters, that have human populations depending on them for consumption or recreation, HCBs can lead to serious ecological damages and socio-economic impacts, but also to health risks for local communities. From satellite imagery to molecular data, there is an increasing number of methodological approaches that can help improve the monitoring and prediction of cyanobacterial blooms. However, although each methodology has its own strengths and limitations, generally there is a lack of data addressing specific and intraspecific information, which has implications for the modelling and prediction of the real dynamics and toxicity of HCBs. The present review intends to make a quick overview on current approaches to monitor cyanobacterial blooms and provide a tier-based integrative perspective for their application. A transversal monitoring at a wide scale should be enhanced but cannot rely only on pigment levels but rather include the specific and intraspecific diversity information that can be obtained from modern molecular tools. This is crucial to achieve the effective prediction, monitoring and management of HCBs under their increasing occurrence and severity trends in freshwaters.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-01-02
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3010002
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 31-50: The Devil Firefish Pterois miles
(Bennett, 1828): Life History Traits of a Potential Fishing Resource in
Rhodes (Eastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Gerasimos Kondylatos, Alexandros Theocharis, Manolis Mandalakis, Maria Avgoustinaki, Teodora Karagyaurova, Zoi Koulocheri, Sofia Vardali, Dimitris Klaoudatos
First page: 31
Abstract: The devil firefish Pterois miles (Bennett 1828) is recognized as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species (IAS) in the Mediterranean Sea with significant socioeconomic and ecological implications. A total of 363 individuals were collected between April 2021 and March 2022 from the Levantine Sea (the Eastern Mediterranean), aiming to assess the current progression of the population. The male to female ratio (1:1.03) did not significantly depart from 1:1, with length–weight relationships exhibiting positive allometric growth. Five age groups were identified, with the third and fourth age groups being the predominant (74% of the population). The highest reproductive intensity was observed during summer followed by autumn. The onset of sexual maturity (L50) for the total population was estimated at 22.44 cm in total length (2.1 years). The asymptotic length was estimated at 45.35 cm for the total population, with males growing larger than females. Longevity was estimated at 14.4 years for the total population. The inflection point was estimated at 4.31 years for the total population. Length with a 50% probability of capture (LC50) was estimated at 23.03 cm, with the respective age (t50) of 2.2 years. The exploitation rate (E = 0.48) indicated that the population is underexploited. The optimum (Fopt) and target (Flim) fishing mortality were higher in comparison with the present fishing mortality (F = 0.41), indicating a potential for commercial exploitation of the species.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-02-28
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3010003
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2024)
- Hydrobiology, Vol. 3, Pages 51-62: Hatchery-Imposed Selection Does Not
Impact the Genetic Diversity of Australian Farmed Blue Mussels (Mytilus
spp.)
Authors: Georgina Bramwell, Emi S. Ab Rahim, Aaron G. Schultz, Antoine M. Dujon, Kim Weston, Brett A. Ingram, Sam Jahangard, Frédéric Thomas, Beata Ujvari, Craig D. H. Sherman
First page: 51
Abstract: Australian blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) are an increasingly important sustainable product of the Australian aquaculture industry. Although important for commercial fisheries, aquaculture may have adverse environmental and ecological impacts. This study assessed the impact of standard hatchery-imposed selection practices on the genetic diversity of farmed blue mussels. Using microsatellite markers, relatedness and genetic structure analyses showed that hatchery-reared larvae have high levels of genetic diversity without a significant decline as they move through the hatchery rearing process. Selection and/or genetic drift does appear to be operating during the hatchery rearing process, however, evidenced by an increase in relatedness among larvae over time. Significant shifts in allele frequency as well as genetic clusters provides further evidence that selection is acting on larvae due to the selection practice applied at the hatchery. Comparison of the level of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of adults from wild and farmed populations provided no evidence that farmed mussels have lower diversity, or that they are genetically swamping local natural populations. The data suggest that careful design and implementation of mussel breeding programs can maintain high genetic diversity among larvae that does not lead to genetic swamping of natural mussel populations in the surrounding area.
Citation: Hydrobiology
PubDate: 2024-03-02
DOI: 10.3390/hydrobiology3010004
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2024)
